Wetlands in Punjab: A National and Global Context

Wetlands cover 9.7% of Pakistan’s land area, making them a crucial component of its ecological landscape. According to the Pakistan GIS database, there are 225 wetland sites spread across the country. Of these, 119 sites are located in the northern areas of Pakistan, and Punjab plays a key role in this environmental network.

Punjab’s wetlands include 17 significant sites, ranging from lakes to peatlands. These areas are critical habitats for wildlife, including migratory birds, fish species, and a variety of plant life. However, the conservation status of these wetlands varies, with five sites not protected, 11 sites protected, and one under unknown status. Notably, the wetlands in the Salt Range area of Punjab, such as Khabeki, Jahlar, and Uchhali lakes, are recognized for their international importance, with some being designated as Ramsar sites.

Types of Wetlands in Punjab

Wetlands come in various forms, and each type plays a unique role in maintaining ecological balance. Inland wetlands such as lakes, reservoirs, and rivers form a significant portion of Punjab’s wetland ecosystem. These wetlands provide wildlife habitat, improve water quality, and offer flood mitigation benefits.

Punjab is also home to some man-made wetlands, including fish farms and aquaculture sites, which contribute to local livelihoods while supporting biodiversity. Furthermore, the Salt Range Wetland Complex is another example of Punjab’s natural wealth, with Kallar Kahar Lake, Khabeki Lake, and Uchhali Lake serving as essential wildlife sanctuaries.

Wetlands as Biodiversity Hotspots

The wetlands in Punjab are home to a wide variety of species, including migratory birds, aquatic plants, and fish. The Uchhali wetland complex, for example, is recognized for its diverse flora and fauna, and it provides refuge for thousands of birds that migrate through this region. Protecting these habitats ensures these species' survival, especially as climate change continues to alter migratory routes and habitats.

Wetlands also support many rare and endangered species. These areas act as vital breeding and feeding grounds for wildlife, including migratory species from across the globe. In addition, wetlands in Punjab provide ecosystem services that benefit local communities, such as clean water, flood control, and climate regulation.

Challenges and Conservation Efforts

Like many other wetland ecosystems worldwide, Punjab's wetlands face numerous challenges. Pollution, urbanization, and unsustainable agricultural practices threaten the health of these ecosystems. As human activities continue to encroach upon wetland areas, the delicate balance of these ecosystems is disrupted, leading to habitat loss and species decline.

However, efforts are underway to protect and restore these wetlands. The Punjab Forest, Wildlife and Fisheries Department is actively involved in wetland protection programs. These initiatives aim to preserve critical wetland habitats and restore the health of ecosystems impacted by pollution and other human activities. Moreover, the designation of sites as protected areas, such as the Kallar Kahar and Uchhali lakes, helps ensure these wetlands are managed sustainably.

Get Involved: How You Can Support Wetland Conservation

This World Wetlands Day, consider how you can contribute to protecting and restoring wetlands in Punjab and around the world. Here are some ways to get involved: